B6db activities : 4_1_1

	Activities \| Families \| Sequences \| Fold types \| References \| Help


	4.1.1.15
Description	Glutamate decarboxylase.
Alternative names	L-glutamate 1-carboxy-lyase; Glutamic decarboxylase; GAD;
Catalyzed reaction	L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO(2).
Cofactor	Pyridoxal-phosphate.
Comments	-!- The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, 3-sulfino-L-alanine and L-aspartate.
	Family a includes only metazoan glutamate decarboxylases, that are responsible for the production of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Mammals possess two isoforms of this enzyme, encoded by different genes: a 67-kDa form (DCE1 or GAD67) and a 65-kDa form (DCE2 or GAD65). Alternate splicing produces smaller variants of GAD67 in the brain of mice and rat embryos. Another splice variant of GAD67 (termed GAD25 and devoid of GAD enzymatic activity) is produced in human islets, testis and adrenal cortex. Family b includes sequences from bacteria, fungi and plants. In several bacteria glutamate decarboxylases play an important role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in acid environments. In plants, the enzyme product, GABA, is generally considered a metabolite, mostly produced in response to stress, but some evidences exist that it may also function as a signal molecule.
Diseases	Autosomal recessive symmetric spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) MIM:603513
Prosite	PROSITE; PDOC00329;
PDB	2OKK; 2OKJ; 1PMM;
Organisms	-Bacteria -Plants -Fungi -Metazoa -Human
Family	4.1.1.15_a (18) 4.1.1.15_b (29)

Links	Enzyme (activities) 4.1.1.15 BRENDA (activities) 4.1.1.15 KEGG (pathways) 4.1.1.15 PLPMDB (PLP mutants) 4.1.1.15

References	Park, K-B; Oh, S-H (2007) Cloning, sequencing and expression of a novel glutamate decarboxylase gene from a newly isolated lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus brevis OPK-3 Bioresource Technology 98 312-319. Oh, S-H.; Choi W-G.; Lee I-T.;Yun S-J. (2005) Cloning and characterization of a rice cDNA encoding glutamate decarboxylase J Biochem Mol Biol. 38 595-601. Capitani, G.; De Biase, D.; Aurizi, C.; Gut, H.; Bossa, F.; Grutter, M.G. (2003) Crystal structure and functional analysis of Escherichia coli glutamate decarboxylase EMBO J. 22 4027-37. Kato, Y.; Kato, Y.; Furukawa, K.; Hara, S. (2002) Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the glutamate decarboxylase-encoding gene gadA from Aspergillus oryzae Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66 2600-5. Jin, Y.; Jorgensen, E.; Hartwieg, E.; Horvitz, H.R. (1999) The Caenorhabditis elegans gene unc-25 encodes glutamic acid decarboxylase and is required for synaptic transmission but not synaptic development J Neurosci 19 539-48.. Nomura, M.; Nakajima, I.; Fujita, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Kimoto, H.; Suzuki, I.; Aso, H. (1999) Lactococcus lactis contains only one glutamate decarboxylase gene Microbiology 145 1375-80.. Turano, F. J.; Fang, T. K. (1998) Characterization of two glutamate decarboxylase cDNA clones from Arabidopsis Plant Physiol 117 1411-21.. Yun, S. J.; Oh, S. H. (1998) Cloning and characterization of a tobacco cDNA encoding calcium/calmodulin-dependent glutamate decarboxylase Mol Cells 8 125-9.. De Biase, D.; Tramonti, A.; John, R. A.; Bossa, F. (1996) Isolation, overexpression, and biochemical characterization of the two isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase from Escherichia coli Protein Expr Purif 8 430-8.. Bu, D. F.; Erlander, M. G.; Hitz, B. C.; Tillakaratne, N. J.; Kaufman, D. L.; Wagner-McPherson, C. B.; Evans, G. A.; Tobin, A. J. (1992) Two human glutamate decarboxylases, 65-kDa GAD and 67-kDa GAD, are each encoded by a single gene Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89 2115-9.. Jackson, F.R.; Newby, L.M.; Kulkarni, S.J. (1990) Drosophila GABAergic systems: sequence and expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase J Neurochem 54 1068-78.. Wyborski, R. J.; Bond, R. W.; Gottlieb, D. I. (1990) Characterization of a cDNA coding for rat glutamic acid decarboxylase Brain Res Mol Brain Res 8 193-8.. Articles on 4.1.1.15

last changed	2008/01/03 13:26

Family